创新的起源 – How Innovation Works: And Why It Flourishes in Freedom by Matt Ridley

创新与生命一样，是宇宙中非常不可思议的现象，因为它是“逆熵”的，它能从混乱中衍生出秩序，从简单演化出复杂，是整个宇宙避免热寂的希望。

尽管除了熊彼特和索洛以外，主流经济学家很少研究它，但几乎所有经济学家都承认，创新才是经济增长的源动力。

可创新又是如何产生的？人类历史的伟大创新总被人们包裹在一层神秘主义的面纱下，瓦特、达尔文、牛顿、巴斯德、乔布斯，创新总是与个体的成就相关。

但本书认为，这不是事实，即便这些聪明的个体不幸夭折，蒸汽机、进化论、万有引力、疫苗和苹果手机仍然会出现。

因为创新有它自己的规律。

本书前半部是一部科技史，后半部则从科技史的角度探讨总结创新产生的规律。

Innovation is the main event of the modern age, the reason we experience both dramatic improvements in our living standards and unsettling changes in our society. Forget short-term symptoms like Donald Trump and Brexit, it is innovation itself that explains them and that will itself shape the 21st century for good and ill. Yet innovation remains a mysterious process, poorly understood by policy makers and businessmen, hard to summon into existence to order, yet inevitable and inexorable when it does happen.

Matt Ridley argues in this book that we need to change the way we think about innovation, to see it as an incremental, bottom-up, fortuitous process that happens to society as a direct result of the human habit of exchange, rather than an orderly, top-down process developing according to a plan. Innovation is crucially different from invention, because it is the turning of inventions into things of practical and affordable use to people. It speeds up in some sectors and slows down in others. It is always a collective, collaborative phenomenon, not a matter of lonely genius. It is gradual, serendipitous, recombinant, inexorable, contagious, experimental and unpredictable. It happens mainly in just a few parts of the world at any one time. It still cannot be modelled properly by economists, but it can easily be discouraged by politicians. Far from there being too much innovation, we may be on the brink of an innovation famine.

Ridley derives these and other lessons, not with abstract argument, but from telling the lively stories of scores of innovations, how they started and why they succeeded or in some cases failed. He goes back millions of years and leaps forward into the near future. Some of the innovation stories he tells are about steam engines, jet engines, search engines, airships, coffee, potatoes, vaping, vaccines, cuisine, antibiotics, mosquito nets, turbines, propellers, fertiliser, zero, computers, dogs, farming, fire, genetic engineering, gene editing, container shipping, railways, cars, safety rules, wheeled suitcases, mobile phones, corrugated iron, powered flight, chlorinated water, toilets, vacuum cleaners, shale gas, the telegraph, radio, social media, block chain, the sharing economy, artificial intelligence, fake bomb detectors, phantom games consoles, fraudulent blood tests, faddish diets, hyperloop tubes, herbicides, copyright and even – a biological innovation — life itself.