理性乐观派 – The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves by Matt Ridley

20世纪60年代人口爆炸和全球饥荒令人忧心忡忡，70年代资源枯竭甚嚣尘上，80年代酸雨来了，90年代轮到瘟疫。21世纪初，全世界为全球变暖集体焦虑。可是，这些恐慌（除了最后一个）全都来了又走了。人类只是运气太好吗？

主流的悲观论调宣称情况正在越变越糟，但他们已经这么说了整整两百年。

再看看实际情况。食品供给、收入和人均寿命步步走高，疾病、儿童死亡率和暴力事件轮番下降；生活必需品和奢侈品确实变得更便宜了；继亚洲摆脱贫困之后，非洲也跟上了它的脚步；互联网、手机和集装箱运输前所未有地丰富了人们的生活。生活实际上越变越好，全球皆然。

本书不光阐述了情况怎样越变越好，还解释了原因。繁荣来自人人为人人效力。始于十多万年前的交换和专业分工习惯，创造出加速改善人类生活水平的集体大脑。

这本大胆的书涵盖了人类的整个历史，从石器时代说到互联网，从旧制度的积重难返讲到蒸汽机的发明，从新近的人口爆炸谈到气候变化可能的后果。天灾人祸固然必不可免，但多亏了人类发明创造的无穷能力，21世纪必将实现巨大的经济繁荣，最可能发生的不是气候的灾难性变化，而是中国人、印度人、非洲人，都过得像美国人那样欣欣向荣。

Life is getting better—and at an accelerating rate. Food availability, income, and life span are up; disease, child mortality, and violence are down — all across the globe. Though the world is far from perfect, necessities and luxuries alike are getting cheaper; population growth is slowing; Africa is following Asia out of poverty; the Internet, the mobile phone, and container shipping are enriching people’s lives as never before. The pessimists who dominate public discourse insist that we will soon reach a turning point and things will start to get worse. But they have been saying this for two hundred years.

Yet Matt Ridley does more than describe how things are getting better. He explains why. Prosperity comes from everybody working for everybody else. The habit of exchange and specialization—which started more than 100,000 years ago—has created a collective brain that sets human living standards on a rising trend. The mutual dependence, trust, and sharing that result are causes for hope, not despair.

This bold book covers the entire sweep of human history, from the Stone Age to the Internet, from the stagnation of the Ming empire to the invention of the steam engine, from the population explosion to the likely consequences of climate change. It ends with a confident assertion that thanks to the ceaseless capacity of the human race for innovative change, and despite inevitable disasters along the way, the twenty-first century will see both human prosperity and natural biodiversity enhanced. Acute, refreshing, and revelatory, The Rational Optimist will change your way of thinking about the world for the better.

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